The Philippines is experiencing a very high rate of biodiversity loss, indicated by a phenomenal
decline in quality and number of habitats such as the forests, coral reefs, and mangroves. This loss has deleterious impacts on the long-term sustainability of community livelihood systems, political cohesion and governance, and overall national welfare. It is becoming evident that biodiversity loss has root causes in the social, institutional, economic, and political spheres. A host of socioeconomic factors, including economic and political history and rapid population growth, contribute to the erosion of environmental quality and biodiversity loss. Conservation efforts have failed to reverse the trend in large part because of inattention to these root causes. Despite investments by NGOs, government agencies, and international development banks, forest cover and other important habitats continue to decline.
The direct causes of forest cover loss in the Philippines are over-harvesting and habitat alteration. The major proximate causes of primary forest loss are commercial logging, community logging, kaingin (slash and burn agriculture), and conversion of forest lands to other uses. In mangrove ecosystems, extraction of fuel and construction materials, and development of fish ponds have been a major causes of rapid destruction. In the case of coral reefs, fishing techniques using dynamite and cyanide are probably the most important cause of biodiversity loss.
Biodiversity is built over millions of years and extremely diverse habitats such as tropical rainforests have taken long stretches of geologic time to develop. That's why the extinction of species is such an important issue: once they're gone, not only are they gone forever, but it takes millions of years for new species to evolve in their place.
Some extinctions are natural, but a variety of human activities have vastly increased the numbers of species disappearing every day. Habitat destruction is the main cause, especially since the richest habitats with the most species, such as tropical forests, are being destroyed at the fastest pace. Extinction rates are now hundreds or even thousands of times higher than before humans came to be so numerous. Some scientists have estimated that as many as one fifth of all species alive today could be extinct or nearly extinct by the year 2020.
What effects does the loss of biodiversity have on forests, and on humans?
The loss of even one species can ruin an entire forest ecosystem of plants and animals. The animals that depended on this vanished species as prey have now lost their food source. In turn, the animals that it fed on have lost a predator, and these species often undergo population explosions which are devastating for the plants or animals that they feed on.
The entire ecosystem can collapse in this manner, and is therefore prevented from performing its usual "ecosystem services", a utilitarian term for the natural processes which provide rich soil, clean water, and the air we breathe.
The loss of plant species also means the loss of unknown economic potential, as extinct plants can hardly be harvested for food crops, fibers, medicines, and other products that forests, especially rainforests, provide. Thousands of small plants, insects, and other less conspicuous creatures are vanishing before they are even discovered, but it is often these small, less spectacular species which have the greatest potential "usefulness" to humans.
decline in quality and number of habitats such as the forests, coral reefs, and mangroves. This loss has deleterious impacts on the long-term sustainability of community livelihood systems, political cohesion and governance, and overall national welfare. It is becoming evident that biodiversity loss has root causes in the social, institutional, economic, and political spheres. A host of socioeconomic factors, including economic and political history and rapid population growth, contribute to the erosion of environmental quality and biodiversity loss. Conservation efforts have failed to reverse the trend in large part because of inattention to these root causes. Despite investments by NGOs, government agencies, and international development banks, forest cover and other important habitats continue to decline.
The direct causes of forest cover loss in the Philippines are over-harvesting and habitat alteration. The major proximate causes of primary forest loss are commercial logging, community logging, kaingin (slash and burn agriculture), and conversion of forest lands to other uses. In mangrove ecosystems, extraction of fuel and construction materials, and development of fish ponds have been a major causes of rapid destruction. In the case of coral reefs, fishing techniques using dynamite and cyanide are probably the most important cause of biodiversity loss.
Biodiversity is built over millions of years and extremely diverse habitats such as tropical rainforests have taken long stretches of geologic time to develop. That's why the extinction of species is such an important issue: once they're gone, not only are they gone forever, but it takes millions of years for new species to evolve in their place.
Some extinctions are natural, but a variety of human activities have vastly increased the numbers of species disappearing every day. Habitat destruction is the main cause, especially since the richest habitats with the most species, such as tropical forests, are being destroyed at the fastest pace. Extinction rates are now hundreds or even thousands of times higher than before humans came to be so numerous. Some scientists have estimated that as many as one fifth of all species alive today could be extinct or nearly extinct by the year 2020.
What effects does the loss of biodiversity have on forests, and on humans?
The loss of even one species can ruin an entire forest ecosystem of plants and animals. The animals that depended on this vanished species as prey have now lost their food source. In turn, the animals that it fed on have lost a predator, and these species often undergo population explosions which are devastating for the plants or animals that they feed on.
The entire ecosystem can collapse in this manner, and is therefore prevented from performing its usual "ecosystem services", a utilitarian term for the natural processes which provide rich soil, clean water, and the air we breathe.
The loss of plant species also means the loss of unknown economic potential, as extinct plants can hardly be harvested for food crops, fibers, medicines, and other products that forests, especially rainforests, provide. Thousands of small plants, insects, and other less conspicuous creatures are vanishing before they are even discovered, but it is often these small, less spectacular species which have the greatest potential "usefulness" to humans.
Endangered and Threatened Species
What Are Endangered and Threatened Species?
A century ago, a bird called the passenger pigeon lived in North America. There were so many passenger pigeons that people often saw great flocks of them flying overhead containing thousands, even millions, of birds. Today, there is not a single one left. What happened?
The passenger pigeon became extinct. All living passenger pigeons disappeared from the earth entirely. The passenger pigeon became extinct for two reasons. First, the forests where it lived were cut down to make way for farms and cities. Second, many pigeons were shot for sport and because they were good to eat. At that time, there were no hunting laws to protect endangered species like there are now.
The passenger pigeon is one of the many plants and animals that once lived on our planet and have become extinct. For example, dinosaurs, mammoths, and saber-toothed tigers all became extinct long ago. More recently, the dodo bird and the sea mink also have disappeared. Extinction has been going on since life began on earth. But today, extinction is happening faster than ever before.
What Are Endangered and Threatened Species?
A century ago, a bird called the passenger pigeon lived in North America. There were so many passenger pigeons that people often saw great flocks of them flying overhead containing thousands, even millions, of birds. Today, there is not a single one left. What happened?
The passenger pigeon became extinct. All living passenger pigeons disappeared from the earth entirely. The passenger pigeon became extinct for two reasons. First, the forests where it lived were cut down to make way for farms and cities. Second, many pigeons were shot for sport and because they were good to eat. At that time, there were no hunting laws to protect endangered species like there are now.
The passenger pigeon is one of the many plants and animals that once lived on our planet and have become extinct. For example, dinosaurs, mammoths, and saber-toothed tigers all became extinct long ago. More recently, the dodo bird and the sea mink also have disappeared. Extinction has been going on since life began on earth. But today, extinction is happening faster than ever before.
There are approximately 1300 endangered or threatened species in the United States today. Endangered species are those plants and animals that have become so rare they are in danger of becoming extinct. Threatened species are plants and animals that are likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range.
How Does Extinction Happen?
Species disappear because of changes to the earth that are caused either by nature or by the actions of people. Sometimes a terrible natural event, like a volcano erupting, can kill an entire species. Other times, extinction will happen slowly as nature changes our world. For example, after the Ice Ages, when the great glaciers melted and the earth became warmer, many species died because they could not live in a warmer climate. Newer species that could survive a warmer environment took their places.
People can also cause the extinction of plants and animals. The main reason that many species are endangered or threatened today is because people have changed the homes or habitats upon which these species depend. A habitat includes not only the other plants and animals in an area, but all of the things needed for the species' survival -- from sunlight and wind to food and shelter. The United States has many habitats, from ocean beaches to mountain tops. Every species requires a certain habitat in order to live. A cactus, for example, needs the sunny, dry desert in order to grow. A polar bear, on the other hand, would not live in a desert, because it could not find enough food and water.
Pollution can also affect wildlife and contribute to extinction. The Nashville crayfish is endangered mainly because the creek where it lives has been polluted by people living nearby. Pesticides and other chemicals can poison plants and animals if they are not used correctly. The bald eagle is one bird that was harmed by pesticides. In the past, a pesticide called DDT was used by many farmers. Rains washed the pesticide into the lakes and streams where it poisoned fish. After eating the poisoned fish, the eagles would lay eggs with very thin shells. These eggs were usually crushed before they could hatch. Today, people are not allowed to use DDT, and this has contributed to the bald eagle being moved from endangered status up to threatened status.
People can also endanger plants and animals by moving, or introducing, new species into areas where they do not naturally live. Some of these species do so well in their new habitat that they endanger those species already living there, called the native species. These introduced species are called invasive species. For example, when some fish are introduced into a lake or stream, they may prey upon, or eat the food of the native fish. The native species may then have to find a new source of food or a new home, or face becoming endangered or extinct.
Another way that people harm animals and plants is by taking them from the wild. Some people might catch an insect like the Mission Blue Butterfly for a butterfly collection. Others might capture a wild animal for a pet, or pick a flower because it's pretty. In addition, some people illegally hunt animals for food, skins, or fur. In the past, lots of American crocodiles were killed so that their skins could be made into shoes and other clothing. This crocodile is now an endangered species.
Why Protect Endangered and Threatened Species?
Can you imagine walking in the woods without hearing birds singing in the trees, or picture what a field would be like without wildflowers blooming in the grasses? Our plants and wildlife make the world more interesting and beautiful place. More importantly, all living species, including people, depend on other species for survival. For example, if a fish such as the shortnose sturgeon becomes extinct, all of the species that rely on it for food will also suffer and may become threatened or endangered.
We all depend upon plants and wildlife. From studying them, we have learned new ways of growing foods, making clothing, and building houses. Scientists have discovered how to use certain plants and animals as sources of medicines. If we fail to protect threatened or endangered species, we will never know how they might have improved our lives.
Endangered and threatened species need our help. Government agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service, along with state fish and wildlife agencies and private groups are making information available so people can better protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats. To do your part, contact these agencies for information and join the challenge in helping to protect endangered and threatened species, and all wildlife, from extinction.
Species disappear because of changes to the earth that are caused either by nature or by the actions of people. Sometimes a terrible natural event, like a volcano erupting, can kill an entire species. Other times, extinction will happen slowly as nature changes our world. For example, after the Ice Ages, when the great glaciers melted and the earth became warmer, many species died because they could not live in a warmer climate. Newer species that could survive a warmer environment took their places.
People can also cause the extinction of plants and animals. The main reason that many species are endangered or threatened today is because people have changed the homes or habitats upon which these species depend. A habitat includes not only the other plants and animals in an area, but all of the things needed for the species' survival -- from sunlight and wind to food and shelter. The United States has many habitats, from ocean beaches to mountain tops. Every species requires a certain habitat in order to live. A cactus, for example, needs the sunny, dry desert in order to grow. A polar bear, on the other hand, would not live in a desert, because it could not find enough food and water.
Pollution can also affect wildlife and contribute to extinction. The Nashville crayfish is endangered mainly because the creek where it lives has been polluted by people living nearby. Pesticides and other chemicals can poison plants and animals if they are not used correctly. The bald eagle is one bird that was harmed by pesticides. In the past, a pesticide called DDT was used by many farmers. Rains washed the pesticide into the lakes and streams where it poisoned fish. After eating the poisoned fish, the eagles would lay eggs with very thin shells. These eggs were usually crushed before they could hatch. Today, people are not allowed to use DDT, and this has contributed to the bald eagle being moved from endangered status up to threatened status.
People can also endanger plants and animals by moving, or introducing, new species into areas where they do not naturally live. Some of these species do so well in their new habitat that they endanger those species already living there, called the native species. These introduced species are called invasive species. For example, when some fish are introduced into a lake or stream, they may prey upon, or eat the food of the native fish. The native species may then have to find a new source of food or a new home, or face becoming endangered or extinct.
Another way that people harm animals and plants is by taking them from the wild. Some people might catch an insect like the Mission Blue Butterfly for a butterfly collection. Others might capture a wild animal for a pet, or pick a flower because it's pretty. In addition, some people illegally hunt animals for food, skins, or fur. In the past, lots of American crocodiles were killed so that their skins could be made into shoes and other clothing. This crocodile is now an endangered species.
Why Protect Endangered and Threatened Species?
Can you imagine walking in the woods without hearing birds singing in the trees, or picture what a field would be like without wildflowers blooming in the grasses? Our plants and wildlife make the world more interesting and beautiful place. More importantly, all living species, including people, depend on other species for survival. For example, if a fish such as the shortnose sturgeon becomes extinct, all of the species that rely on it for food will also suffer and may become threatened or endangered.
We all depend upon plants and wildlife. From studying them, we have learned new ways of growing foods, making clothing, and building houses. Scientists have discovered how to use certain plants and animals as sources of medicines. If we fail to protect threatened or endangered species, we will never know how they might have improved our lives.
Endangered and threatened species need our help. Government agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service, along with state fish and wildlife agencies and private groups are making information available so people can better protect endangered and threatened species and their habitats. To do your part, contact these agencies for information and join the challenge in helping to protect endangered and threatened species, and all wildlife, from extinction.
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