Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 1.4
Family Planning in the Philippines
Table 1. Contraceptive prevalence rates, with standard errors and confidence intervals,
Philippines: 1998, 2003,
Table 2. Percent distribution of currently married women by contraceptive method used,
Philippines: 2003, 2008
The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) or the proportion of married women in the Philippines who are using any method of family planning is 51 percent, according to the preliminary results of the 2008 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The current estimate of CPR and the estimates from the 1998 NDHS and 2003 NDHS imply increasing contraceptive use by married women over the last decade: 47 percent in 1998, 49 percent in 2003, and 51 percent in 2008. These estimates are subject to sampling errors since these are based on sample surveys, hence, the observed differences are not always significant. The increase in the CPR over the last decade, from 1998 to 2008, is statistically significant. However, the observed increase in the past five years is not significant (Table 1).
Thirty-four percent of married women rely on a modern method, mostly the pill (16 percent) and female sterilization (9 percent). The use of the pill has increased in the past 5 years, from 13 percent in 2003 to 16 percent in 2 008 (Table 2). Users of modern natural family planning methods comprise less than one percent. Modern natural family planning methods include cervical mucus method or ovulation method or Billings method, standard days method (SDM) and lactational amenorrhea method (LAM). Seventeen percent of married women use a traditional method such as withdrawal and calendar or rhythm method.
The National Statistics Office (NSO) conducted the 2008 NDHS from August 7 to September 27, 2008. The 2008 NDHS is a nationally representative survey of almost 14,000 households and 14,000 women age 15-49. It is the ninth in a series of demographic surveys undertaken by the NSO at five-year intervals since 196 8. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided funding assistance for some activities during the preparatory and processing phases of the 2008 NDHS. Macro International provided technical assistance to the project.
What is Unemployment?
What Are the Benefits of Family P lanning in the Philippines?
Family planning in the Philippines is a relatively new development in this predominantly Catholic country. Because of heavily entrenched Catholic beliefs, family planning--the idea that women get pregnant when they want to--has had many detractors. Howeve r, there is now an increasing number of advocates preaching the benefits of family planning and urging the government to implement family planning policies.
Economic Benefits
• The Philippines, which is already experiencing a serious rice shortage, would be able to decrease its dependence on foreign imp orts such as rice with fewer mouths to feed. Additionally, the Philippine government would be able to save millions in state revenue that would otherwise go toward addressing unintended pregnancies. The government spends 8.2 billion Philippine pesos in medical care for unintended pregnancies. If family planning were pu t in effect, it would only spend 0.6 billion Philippine pesos on unintended pregnancies and 4 billion on contraceptive services and supplies. That is a savings of almost 4 billion Philippine pesos.
Work Benefits
• According to Family Health Int ernational, family planning users are more likely to work than non-users because it gives women the time to seek work opportunities outside the home. Women in the Philippines have said that larger family size increase their household responsibilities and make them unable to seek paid work. More children also require more income, thus a vicious cycle is formed. Filipina women said they need more money to care for their children, but more children prevent them from seeking work opportunities. Family planning provides a solution to bo th issues.
Social Benefits
• Women in the Philippines who use family planning are more likely to join community activities, religious organizations and take pa rt in community projects, the Family Health Organization says. Filipina women say these activities enabled them to socialize , interact with peers and generally raised their self-esteem. Family planning also increased their status at home, with many Filipina women saying they are equal decisi on-makers, enabling them to work and travel outside their communities.
Family planning in the Philippines is a relatively new development in this predominantly Catholic country. Because of heavily entrenched Catholic beliefs, family planning--the idea that women get pregnant when they want to--has had many detractors. Howeve r, there is now an increasing number of advocates preaching the benefits of family planning and urging the government to implement family planning policies.
Economic Benefits
• The Philippines, which is already experiencing a serious rice shortage, would be able to decrease its dependence on foreign imp orts such as rice with fewer mouths to feed. Additionally, the Philippine government would be able to save millions in state revenue that would otherwise go toward addressing unintended pregnancies. The government spends 8.2 billion Philippine pesos in medical care for unintended pregnancies. If family planning were pu t in effect, it would only spend 0.6 billion Philippine pesos on unintended pregnancies and 4 billion on contraceptive services and supplies. That is a savings of almost 4 billion Philippine pesos.
Work Benefits
• According to Family Health Int ernational, family planning users are more likely to work than non-users because it gives women the time to seek work opportunities outside the home. Women in the Philippines have said that larger family size increase their household responsibilities and make them unable to seek paid work. More children also require more income, thus a vicious cycle is formed. Filipina women said they need more money to care for their children, but more children prevent them from seeking work opportunities. Family planning provides a solution to bo th issues.
Social Benefits
• Women in the Philippines who use family planning are more likely to join community activities, religious organizations and take pa rt in community projects, the Family Health Organization says. Filipina women say these activities enabled them to socialize , interact with peers and generally raised their self-esteem. Family planning also increased their status at home, with many Filipina women saying they are equal decisi on-makers, enabling them to work and travel outside their communities.
What is Unemployment?
Unemployment refers to the ina bility for willing workers to find gainful employment. The deg ree of unemployment in a nation is one indicator of the economic health of the country. Many factors can negatively affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers , implementation of automatio n technologies, and jo b outso urcing to other nations. Some argue illegal immigration impacts the unemployment rate, though critics of this viewpoint counter that jobs held by illegals are generally low paying or undesirable.
See this site for a more detailed information:
The employment rate or the proportion of employed persons to total labor force was estimated at 92.9 percent in October 2009. The employment rate in October last y ear was recorded at 93.2 percent.
Across regions, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) posted the highest employment rate at 98.2 percent, followed closely by Cagayan Valley and Zamboanga Peninsula, both registering at 97.2 percent. The National Capital Region (NCR) had the lowest at 88.2 percent.
Out of the estimated 59.7 million population 15 years old and over in October 2009, approximately 38.2 million persons were reported to be in the labor force. These figures placed the labor force participation rate (LFPR) to 64. 0 percent as compared to last year�s LFPR of 63.7 percent. Among the regions, Northern Mindanao registered the highest LFPR at 71.2 percent and lowest in ARMM at 57.4 percent.
Of the estimated 35.5 million employed persons in October 2009, the services sector was the largest employer, getting more than half (51.5%) of the total employed population. The highest employed workforce in the services sector were in wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (6.9 million or 19.4 % of total employed).
The agriculture sector was the second largest employer, accounting for 34.0 percent of the total employed. Only 14.5 percent of the total employed were in the industry sector.
Among the various occupation groups, laborers and unskilled workers comprised the largest proportion (32.5%) of the total employed population. Farmers, forestry workers and fishermen were the second largest group, accounting for 16.4 percent of the total employed population.
Employed persons fall into any of these categories: wage and salary workers, own account workers and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers are those who work for private households, private establishments, government or government corporations and those who work with pay in own-family operated farm or business. Majority (53.6%) of the total employed population in October 2009 are wage and salary workers, most of them (39.7%) worked for private establishments. Those working for the government/government controlled corporation accounted for only 8.1 percent. In October 2008, the wage and salary workers accounted for 51.9 percent. Own-account workers, which include the proprietors and self-employed workers constituted 34.5 percent of the tot al employed with self-employed workers having the larger share (30.5%). The share of unpaid family workers to total employed was 11.9 percent in October 2009.
Employed persons are classified as either full-time workers or part-time workers. Full-time workers are those who work for 40 hours or more while part-time workers work for less than 40 hours. Around 22.0 million employed persons (62.2%) were working full time in October 2009, while, 36.3 percent of total employed were part-time workers or worked for less than 40 hours.
Employed persons who exp ress the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job or to have additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours are considered underemployed. The number of underemployed persons in October 2009 was estimated at 6.9 million, placing the current underemployment rate at 19.4 percent. More than half (59.4%) of the total underemployed were reported as visibly underemployed or working for less than 40 hours during the reference week. Those working for 40 hours or more accounted for 37.9 percent of the total underemployed. Most of the underemployed were working in the agriculture sector (46.4%) and services sector (38.5%). The underemployed in the industry sector accounted for 15.0 percent.
The unemployment rate in Oc tober 2009 was estimated at 7.1 percent. Last year�s estimate was 6.8 percent. NCR posted the highest unemployment rate at 11.8 percent and lowest in ARMM at 1.8 percent. The number of unemployed persons was higher among males (63.8%) than among females (36.2%). About one-half (50.3%) of the unemployed were in age group 15-24 years.
Across educational groups, among the unemployed, the high school graduates comprised more than one-third (34.7%), the college undergraduates comprised about one-fifth (21.7%), while the college graduates, 18.0 percent.
Across regions, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) posted the highest employment rate at 98.2 percent, followed closely by Cagayan Valley and Zamboanga Peninsula, both registering at 97.2 percent. The National Capital Region (NCR) had the lowest at 88.2 percent.
Out of the estimated 59.7 million population 15 years old and over in October 2009, approximately 38.2 million persons were reported to be in the labor force. These figures placed the labor force participation rate (LFPR) to 64. 0 percent as compared to last year�s LFPR of 63.7 percent. Among the regions, Northern Mindanao registered the highest LFPR at 71.2 percent and lowest in ARMM at 57.4 percent.
Of the estimated 35.5 million employed persons in October 2009, the services sector was the largest employer, getting more than half (51.5%) of the total employed population. The highest employed workforce in the services sector were in wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods (6.9 million or 19.4 % of total employed).
The agriculture sector was the second largest employer, accounting for 34.0 percent of the total employed. Only 14.5 percent of the total employed were in the industry sector.
Among the various occupation groups, laborers and unskilled workers comprised the largest proportion (32.5%) of the total employed population. Farmers, forestry workers and fishermen were the second largest group, accounting for 16.4 percent of the total employed population.
Employed persons fall into any of these categories: wage and salary workers, own account workers and unpaid family workers. Wage and salary workers are those who work for private households, private establishments, government or government corporations and those who work with pay in own-family operated farm or business. Majority (53.6%) of the total employed population in October 2009 are wage and salary workers, most of them (39.7%) worked for private establishments. Those working for the government/government controlled corporation accounted for only 8.1 percent. In October 2008, the wage and salary workers accounted for 51.9 percent. Own-account workers, which include the proprietors and self-employed workers constituted 34.5 percent of the tot al employed with self-employed workers having the larger share (30.5%). The share of unpaid family workers to total employed was 11.9 percent in October 2009.
Employed persons are classified as either full-time workers or part-time workers. Full-time workers are those who work for 40 hours or more while part-time workers work for less than 40 hours. Around 22.0 million employed persons (62.2%) were working full time in October 2009, while, 36.3 percent of total employed were part-time workers or worked for less than 40 hours.
Employed persons who exp ress the desire to have additional hours of work in their present job or to have additional job, or to have a new job with longer working hours are considered underemployed. The number of underemployed persons in October 2009 was estimated at 6.9 million, placing the current underemployment rate at 19.4 percent. More than half (59.4%) of the total underemployed were reported as visibly underemployed or working for less than 40 hours during the reference week. Those working for 40 hours or more accounted for 37.9 percent of the total underemployed. Most of the underemployed were working in the agriculture sector (46.4%) and services sector (38.5%). The underemployed in the industry sector accounted for 15.0 percent.
The unemployment rate in Oc tober 2009 was estimated at 7.1 percent. Last year�s estimate was 6.8 percent. NCR posted the highest unemployment rate at 11.8 percent and lowest in ARMM at 1.8 percent. The number of unemployed persons was higher among males (63.8%) than among females (36.2%). About one-half (50.3%) of the unemployed were in age group 15-24 years.
Across educational groups, among the unemployed, the high school graduates comprised more than one-third (34.7%), the college undergraduates comprised about one-fifth (21.7%), while the college graduates, 18.0 percent.
What Is Urbanization?
Why is the urban population increasing so fast?
The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural increase in population (excess of births over deaths), and migration to urban areas. Natural population growth has been covered in other units, and consequently, here we will concentrate on migration.
Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. Today the movement of people from rural to urban areas (internal migration) is most significant. Although smaller than the movement of people within borders, international migration is also increasing. Figure 3 shows the annual net international migration totals and migration rates in the world’s major areas between 1990 and 1995. Both internal and international migration contribute to urbanization.
Migration is often explained in terms of either “push factors” – conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as detrimental to their well-being or economic security, and “pull factors” – the circumstances in new places that attract individuals to move there. Examples of push factors include high unemployment and political persecution; examples of pull factors include job opportunities or moving to a better climate.
Typically, a pull factor initiates migration that can be sustained by push and other factors that facilitate or make possible the change. For example, a farmer in rural Mexico whose land has become unproductive because of drought (push factor) may decide to move to Mexico City where he perceives more job opportunities and possibilities for a better lifestyle (pull factor). In general, cities are perceived as places where one could have a better life, because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services, and better lifestyles. The perceived better conditions attract poor people from rural areas.
In order to better illustrate the causes of rural migration, we will consider policies that have led to migration in many developing countries. In order to pay foreign debt and to be more competitive in international markets, national governments have encouraged the export of national resources and agricultural products. Agricultural products (sugar, flowers, coffee, etc.), and primary-sector goods (timber, fish, minerals, etc) become natural resource capital that can be traded to bolster the national economy. In order to produce agricultural products quickly, efficiently, and for a decent prize, national governments often look to decrease the number of small producers, and turn agricultural production and resource extraction over to larger enterprises, with larger production facilities, and a lower per-unit cost of production. This trend turns land into a commodity, that can be bought and sold, and it is viewed only in terms of its productive capabilities. Free market economics pursues economic efficiency to deliver goods at the lowest possible price, and its advocates maintain that any government intervention diminishes this efficiency. Consequently, they seek to eliminate farm programs such as farm subsidies, cheap credit policies, etc. intended to help the farmer, and to maintain stable prices. This scenario leaves farmers to shoulder the burden of farming, sometimes with no alternative but to sell their land to a foreign investor or a domestic-owned enterprise, and move to the cities, where the farmer hopes to have a better life.
Other policies reinforce the above scenario. In this case, in order to boost the production of cheaper goods, governments have maintained artificially low food prices in urban areas. The strategy here is to maintain urban food prices below market levels to reduce the cost of urban labor and urban life. This policy has resulted in inadequate compensation of rural producers for the costs they incur to produce food products and thus have aggravated rural poverty. On the other hand, these policies have also made city life more attractive and pulled them from rural areas. As a result of these policies, an average of 270,000 rural migrants have been arriving in Mexico City annually over the last ten years, transforming it into one of the largest cities in the world.
International migration includes labor migration, refugees and undocumented migrants. Similar to rural-to-urban migration, individuals move in search of jobs and a better life. Income disparities among regions, and job opportunities, are key motivating factors. The migration policies of sending and receiving countries also play a key role. The best current estimate from the United Nations Population Fund, indicates that more than 100 million people were living outside their countries of birth or citizenship in 1998. There is a number of reasons why this figure is rising, but an important one is that the native labor pool in the industrialized countries is shrinking, while the developing world’s workforce is rapidly increasing. Figure 4 shows the countries with largest stock of migrants in their population, while figure 5 shows the countries whose populations have the largest percentage of migrants. Today, international migration is at an all-time high. About 2% of the Earth’s population has moved away from the country of origin.
What are the Problems Associated with Rapid Urban Growth?
The urbanization process refers to much more than simple population growth; it involves changes in the economic, social and political structures of a region. Rapid urban growth is responsible for many environmental and social changes in the urban environment and its effects are strongly related to global change issues. The rapid growth of cities strains their capacity to provide services such as energy, education, health care, transportation, sanitation and physical security. Because governments have less revenue to spend on the basic upkeep of cities and the provision of services, cities have become areas of massive sprawl, serious environmental problems, and widespread poverty.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, urbanization resulted from and contributed to industrialization. New job opportunities in the cities motivated the mass movement of surplus population away from the countryside. At the same time, migrants provided cheap, plentiful labor for the emerging factories. Today, due to movements such as globalization, the circumstances are similar in developing countries. Here the concentration of investments in cities attracts large numbers of migrants looking for employment, thereby creating a large surplus labor force, which keeps wages low. This situation is attractive to foreign investment companies from developed countries who can produce goods for far less than if the goods were produced where wages are higher. Thus, one might wonder if urban poverty serves a distinct function for the benefit of global capital.
One of the major effects of rapid urban growth is “urban sprawl"- scattered development that increases traffic, saps local resources and destroys open space. Urban sprawl is responsible for changes in the physical environment, and in the form and spatial organization of cities.
It is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change.
Urbanization is also defined by the United Nations as movement of people from rural to urban areas with population growth equating to urban migration. The United Nations projected that half of the world's population would live in urban areas at the end of 2008
Why is the urban population increasing so fast?
The rapid growth of urban areas is the result of two factors: natural increase in population (excess of births over deaths), and migration to urban areas. Natural population growth has been covered in other units, and consequently, here we will concentrate on migration.
Migration is defined as the long-term relocation of an individual, household or group to a new location outside the community of origin. Today the movement of people from rural to urban areas (internal migration) is most significant. Although smaller than the movement of people within borders, international migration is also increasing. Figure 3 shows the annual net international migration totals and migration rates in the world’s major areas between 1990 and 1995. Both internal and international migration contribute to urbanization.
Migration is often explained in terms of either “push factors” – conditions in the place of origin which are perceived by migrants as detrimental to their well-being or economic security, and “pull factors” – the circumstances in new places that attract individuals to move there. Examples of push factors include high unemployment and political persecution; examples of pull factors include job opportunities or moving to a better climate.
Typically, a pull factor initiates migration that can be sustained by push and other factors that facilitate or make possible the change. For example, a farmer in rural Mexico whose land has become unproductive because of drought (push factor) may decide to move to Mexico City where he perceives more job opportunities and possibilities for a better lifestyle (pull factor). In general, cities are perceived as places where one could have a better life, because of better opportunities, higher salaries, better services, and better lifestyles. The perceived better conditions attract poor people from rural areas.
In order to better illustrate the causes of rural migration, we will consider policies that have led to migration in many developing countries. In order to pay foreign debt and to be more competitive in international markets, national governments have encouraged the export of national resources and agricultural products. Agricultural products (sugar, flowers, coffee, etc.), and primary-sector goods (timber, fish, minerals, etc) become natural resource capital that can be traded to bolster the national economy. In order to produce agricultural products quickly, efficiently, and for a decent prize, national governments often look to decrease the number of small producers, and turn agricultural production and resource extraction over to larger enterprises, with larger production facilities, and a lower per-unit cost of production. This trend turns land into a commodity, that can be bought and sold, and it is viewed only in terms of its productive capabilities. Free market economics pursues economic efficiency to deliver goods at the lowest possible price, and its advocates maintain that any government intervention diminishes this efficiency. Consequently, they seek to eliminate farm programs such as farm subsidies, cheap credit policies, etc. intended to help the farmer, and to maintain stable prices. This scenario leaves farmers to shoulder the burden of farming, sometimes with no alternative but to sell their land to a foreign investor or a domestic-owned enterprise, and move to the cities, where the farmer hopes to have a better life.
Other policies reinforce the above scenario. In this case, in order to boost the production of cheaper goods, governments have maintained artificially low food prices in urban areas. The strategy here is to maintain urban food prices below market levels to reduce the cost of urban labor and urban life. This policy has resulted in inadequate compensation of rural producers for the costs they incur to produce food products and thus have aggravated rural poverty. On the other hand, these policies have also made city life more attractive and pulled them from rural areas. As a result of these policies, an average of 270,000 rural migrants have been arriving in Mexico City annually over the last ten years, transforming it into one of the largest cities in the world.
International migration includes labor migration, refugees and undocumented migrants. Similar to rural-to-urban migration, individuals move in search of jobs and a better life. Income disparities among regions, and job opportunities, are key motivating factors. The migration policies of sending and receiving countries also play a key role. The best current estimate from the United Nations Population Fund, indicates that more than 100 million people were living outside their countries of birth or citizenship in 1998. There is a number of reasons why this figure is rising, but an important one is that the native labor pool in the industrialized countries is shrinking, while the developing world’s workforce is rapidly increasing. Figure 4 shows the countries with largest stock of migrants in their population, while figure 5 shows the countries whose populations have the largest percentage of migrants. Today, international migration is at an all-time high. About 2% of the Earth’s population has moved away from the country of origin.
What are the Problems Associated with Rapid Urban Growth?
The urbanization process refers to much more than simple population growth; it involves changes in the economic, social and political structures of a region. Rapid urban growth is responsible for many environmental and social changes in the urban environment and its effects are strongly related to global change issues. The rapid growth of cities strains their capacity to provide services such as energy, education, health care, transportation, sanitation and physical security. Because governments have less revenue to spend on the basic upkeep of cities and the provision of services, cities have become areas of massive sprawl, serious environmental problems, and widespread poverty.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, urbanization resulted from and contributed to industrialization. New job opportunities in the cities motivated the mass movement of surplus population away from the countryside. At the same time, migrants provided cheap, plentiful labor for the emerging factories. Today, due to movements such as globalization, the circumstances are similar in developing countries. Here the concentration of investments in cities attracts large numbers of migrants looking for employment, thereby creating a large surplus labor force, which keeps wages low. This situation is attractive to foreign investment companies from developed countries who can produce goods for far less than if the goods were produced where wages are higher. Thus, one might wonder if urban poverty serves a distinct function for the benefit of global capital.
One of the major effects of rapid urban growth is “urban sprawl"- scattered development that increases traffic, saps local resources and destroys open space. Urban sprawl is responsible for changes in the physical environment, and in the form and spatial organization of cities.
See this site for a more detailed information:
http://www.census.gov.ph/data/quickstat/qsgender09q4.pdf
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