o increases in the quantity and complexity of generated waste, whilst industrial diversification and the provision of expanded health-care facilities have added substantial quantities of industrial hazardous waste and biomedical waste into the waste stream with potentially severe environmental and human health consequences.
The three major types of waste are the following:
1. Solid wastes - solid portion of discarded material
- each year 196,000,000 tons of municipal solid wastes are disposed of in U.S. - as urban centers have grown, local areas of disposal have been filled and it is becoming increasingly expensive to truck or ship the wastes elsewhere - volume is the major problem in disposal
- with time solid wastes decompose and release greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and carcinogenic gases (cancer-causing gases such as benzene and vinyl chloride)
- water flowing through the wastes (leachate) corrodes it and becomes contaminated with acids, heavy metals, bacteria, etc. and can contaminate the groundwater and surface water
- at one time wastes were disposed of at sea or in lakes, but killed bottom (benthonic) organisms by depleting oxygen and eventually wastes began washing ashore
Types of solid wastes - includes a variety of organic and inorganic materials (metals, plastics, glass, petrochemicals, refractories, minerals, etc.) - material differs greatly in reactivity - degree to which will react with oxygen, water and soil bacteria
varies from:
inert - does not react or change over long periods of time unless exposed to acidic or alkaline environment. Example: most plastics, aluminum, glass
soluble - readily dissolves in water, but is not otherwise altered. Example: salts, various chemicals reactive - is chemically altered by the environment and the nature of the material is permanently changed. Example: iron rusts, organic material decays
can divide solid wastes into two broad groups:
1. biodegradable - over time can be decomposed by biological agents and will decrease in volume.
- includes agricultural wastes, manure, food wastes, food processing by-products, paper, yard wastes
- can be divided into groups based on speed of decomposition
- some material can fall into more than one group:
a. compostables - materials that will be broken down quickly by bacteria ( food and yard wastes) - rate of decomposition depends upon size as well as composition. Example: sawdust versus tree trunk
b. combustables - material that could be destroyed by bacterial action, but slowly;; more efficient to burn for energy (wood, plastics)
2. nonbiodegradable - materials largely untouched by biological breakdown over time and has little reduction in volume
- includes concrete, metals, glass, appliances, etc.
- plastics are organic in nature, but complex, artificial structure make their decomposition very slow, requiring centuries
- can be divided into:
a. recycleables - material which can be reprocesses economically and reused (metal, glass, plastics, also paper)
b. nonrecycleables - material that can not normally be economically be reprocessed (concrete, refractories)
- with time solid wastes decompose and release greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) and carcinogenic gases (cancer-causing gases such as benzene and vinyl chloride)
- water flowing through the wastes (leachate) corrodes it and becomes contaminated with acids, heavy metals, bacteria, etc. and can contaminate the groundwater and surface water
- at one time wastes were disposed of at sea or in lakes, but killed bottom (benthonic) organisms by depleting oxygen and eventually wastes began washing ashore
Types of solid wastes - includes a variety of organic and inorganic materials (metals, plastics, glass, petrochemicals, refractories, minerals, etc.) - material differs greatly in reactivity - degree to which will react with oxygen, water and soil bacteria
varies from:
inert - does not react or change over long periods of time unless exposed to acidic or alkaline environment. Example: most plastics, aluminum, glass
soluble - readily dissolves in water, but is not otherwise altered. Example: salts, various chemicals reactive - is chemically altered by the environment and the nature of the material is permanently changed. Example: iron rusts, organic material decays
can divide solid wastes into two broad groups:
1. biodegradable - over time can be decomposed by biological agents and will decrease in volume.
- includes agricultural wastes, manure, food wastes, food processing by-products, paper, yard wastes
- can be divided into groups based on speed of decomposition
- some material can fall into more than one group:
a. compostables - materials that will be broken down quickly by bacteria ( food and yard wastes) - rate of decomposition depends upon size as well as composition. Example: sawdust versus tree trunk
b. combustables - material that could be destroyed by bacterial action, but slowly;; more efficient to burn for energy (wood, plastics)
2. nonbiodegradable - materials largely untouched by biological breakdown over time and has little reduction in volume
- includes concrete, metals, glass, appliances, etc.
- plastics are organic in nature, but complex, artificial structure make their decomposition very slow, requiring centuries
- can be divided into:
a. recycleables - material which can be reprocesses economically and reused (metal, glass, plastics, also paper)
b. nonrecycleables - material that can not normally be economically be reprocessed (concrete, refractories)
2. Liquid Wastes
Nontoxic Organic Liquid Wastes
- Sewage - single largest liquid nontoxic waste produced by man
- a slurry (mixture of solids and liquids) rich in nitrogen and phosphates, consisting of the wastes products of digestion and metabolism and unprocessed organic material mixed with waste water
from kitchen and bath
- is not toxic in itself, but can carry dangerous bacteria and parasites
- problem is mostly huge quantity generated daily
- major impact is on oxygen consumption in water
- aerobic breakdown of organics in sewage requires oxygen
- Total demand for oxygen in a system including that required for decomposition and respiration by organisms is biological oxygen demand (BOD)
- Total oxygen dissolved in the water is dissolved oxygen (DO)
- comes from diffusion across water-air interface and released by plantsand algae
- if DO>BOD, environment is aerobic and aquatic organisms survive
- if DO≤BOD, (slightly), environment becomes dysoxic and some organisms migrate away, others die and some become stressed and do not grow to full size
- depauperate fauna- one of low diversity and reduced size of individuals
-if DO<BOD
- because of slow decay of organics, bottom sediment is black
- enrichment in nutrients can lead to eutrophication (nutrient-enrichment), a positive feed-back loop of continued enrichment of nutrients leading to repeated algal blooms and the rapid filling of a body of water by organic debris generated within the water column
- was happening to Lake Erie during the 50s and 60s until federal law restricted pollution of the lake
- was because of sewage enriched in phosphate from detergents
Factors controlling DO and BOD
1. Temperature
- as temperature increases, BOD increases, but DO decreases
- temperature generally decreases with depth, but distance to oxygen source increases
- can be greatly influenced by thermal pollution
2. Turbulence
- Oxygen enters water across water-air interface, more surface turbulence, greater surface area and more oxygen entering
- very high at water falls and rapids
3. Abundance of Organics - more organics, greater the BOD
- addition of organic wastes greatly increases demand
- especially high around sewage outlets, sewage ponds/lagoons, stockyards, feedlots, food processing plants
terms related to liquid wastes:
Effluent - any liquid discharge (clean or polluted) that enters the
environment
- can come from an industrial plant, municipality or runoff from
agricultural system
Outfall - where effluent is allowed to enter the natural system
Natural Hazardous Liquid Wastes
Acid Drainage From Mines
- results from the reaction of water and iron sulfide minerals exposed in mines and mine tailings
- O2 + FeS2 (pyrite) + H2O�� H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) + Fe rust
- produces Acid Drainage and flows into streams
- resulting acidity of ground water then allows it to leach metals from minerals in the rock, some of which are hazardous
- typically where mine drainage flows out, iron reacts with air to produce rust and gives the water an orange or brown colour
- process can occur wherever sulfide minerals are exposed, even in outcrops or where sulfide rock and sediments are used as fill
- long-lived problem that can continue for decades after mining ceases
- Mitigating Acid Drainage
- cover reactive rock with impermeable clay to prevent water from
reaching it
- drain seepage from site into ponds where lime or crushed limestone is
added to neutralize the acid befor water is released into the
environment
- Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 was first law
to address this problem
Man-made hazardous Wastes
- liquid wastes are considered to be hazardous if they are:
a. ignitable - waste can catch fire (hydrocarbon based products)
b. corrosive - corrodes metals rapidly
c. reactive - unstable materials which could explode if ignited or mixed with water
d. toxic - harmful if absorbed (on the skin) or ingested
- law requires that hazardous wastes be tracked from production to disposal, but thousands of barrels of the materials are lost every year
- disposal must be at an EPA approved facility
- prior to 1970 Clean Air Act and 1972 Clean Air and Water Act, liquid wastes were burned, buried, poured into pits or discharged into waterways
-although much progress has been made there are legacies from the past from companies or entities which no longer exist.
Example: PBC in Hudson River
- PBC = polychlorinated biphenyls, highly toxic oils used in insulators in electrical power transformers
- for decades a GE subsidiary legally released PBCs into the Hudson River, where it collected in sediments behind the Fort Edward Dam
- in 1973, dam was removed and PBC in sediments began migration down stream and contaminated fish in the river making them unsafe to consume even today.
3. Radioactive Wastes (Liquids and Solids)
- When possible liquids reconverted into solid form for disposal because of reduced volume
- During the 1940-60s was sealed into steel barrels and encased in cement and dumped into ocean trenches because believed these are were devoid of life, had no currents and deep water did not mix with surface waters
- later discovered life was abundant, currents existed, deep waters slowly mix with surface waters with a turnover time of 500-100 years and that the containers were reacting with the water, crushed by the pressure and leaking radioactive material
- rate of turnover is much shorter than the live of the radioactive materials
- deep ocean water is undersaturated in CO2 and so cement dissolves
Two classes of material:
1. Low level wastes - about 90% of all wastes generated
- includes contaminated medical supplies, materials used to clean spills, exposed clothing
- generally requires no special disposal because radioactivity is short lived
- can be disposed in landfill
2. High Level Radioactivity - includes spent fuel rods from reactors, atomic weapon parts, parts of
nuclear reactors
- remains reactive and hazardous for millennia
- no permanent storage facilities exist in U.S. and is temporarily stored as liquids, granular solids or solid blocks (fused into glass)
Problem of nuclear storage include:
1. long-term stability of a storage site (10,000s years or longer)
2. unforeseeable leakage conduits (faults, fractures, rock porosity)
3. effect of heat generated by wastes on the repository over time
4. locating a community willing to accept the facility
Environmental Problem of Heavy Metals, Toxic Chemicals, Radioactive Compounds and
Biological Agents
- can cause damage to cells in the body and if material is in sufficient quantity will lead to death
- an organism’s response to various pollutants differs with exposure
- in large enough concentrations, exposure is immediately fatal by destroying so many cells or interfering in so many vital functions that the organism dies immediately
- in lower quantities kills or cause damage to cells of certain organs which eventually causes death (Example: destruction of liver or bone marrow)
- in smaller quantities will cause sufficient damage to certain systems in the body which render the individual incapable of fending off disease (immune system)
- death is caused by opportunistic disease not the exposure itself
- in still smaller quantities can lead to the formation of tumors and cancers which over a long period of time will result in death by disrupting the normal body functions
- can lead to sterility or lethal mutation in offspring
- can lead to malfunction of non-vital life functions (Example: egg shell formation, loss of hair ) no apparent ill-effects
- material is stored in the body tissue , mainly fatty tissue, because the exposure is at a more rapid rate than the organism can dispose of
- exposure is so small that the material is disposed of in wastes, hair, nail growth
Exposure Dosage
Short term - amount of contaminant that an individual is exposed to over a brief period of time
- generally must be a relatively large dosage to do serious damage in the short term
- This is why when testing new substances one of the tests is to give high doses to test animals
Long Term - amount of contaminant that an individual is exposed to over a
prolonged period of time
- even low dosages over the long term can be detrimental through cumulative damage
Example: UV rays, smoking, alcohol over decades can lead to cancer
- Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation - The gradual increase of a material within an organism’s body
- occurs when exposure and/or intake of the material exceeds body’s ability to dispose of material
- disposes of it in its wastes, inorganic structures and commonly in fatty tissue
Example: test for arsenic is usually done on the hair because body disposes of arsenic in the hair
- if know rate of hair growth, can tell approximate date when excess exposure began
- materials that accumulate are usually those for which the body has no use and to which it is not routinely exposed so has evolved no methods for dealing with the material
Example: arsenic, selenium, PBC
- gradual accumulation can begin to produce symptoms of acute, high dosage exposure, especially if tissue stored in is metabolized
Second Greatest Environmental Hazard
Human Population
- rapid increase in human population is straining Earth’s ability to provide food, water, shelter and clothing
- population now over 6 billion
- on average per year, each person uses:
500 kg of steel x 6 billion = 3 trillion kg of steel
25 kg of aluminum x 6 billion = 150 billion kg of aluminum
200 kg of salt x 6 billion = 1.2 trillion kg of salt
- consumption not evenly divided world wide, but is much greater in the developed world and lower in the underdeveloped world
- as standard of living increases in the developing world, average consumption increases drastically
- as population continues to expand and standard of living increases for more people, eventually there will not be sufficient resources to meet the needs and pollution generated in processing resources will poison the environment
Population and Pollution
- man has been polluting the environment since he evolved
- in early times populations were small, widely dispersed, mainly used renewable resources and each person generated only a small amount of pollution which could be dispersed by nature and recycled
- with development of cities, pollution increased greatly and waste disposal became a problem
- greater concentration of harmful wastes meant that natural processes could no longer disperse them effectively
- lead to an increase in disease from pathogens and toxins
- Urban Concentration Factor - multiplication of small amounts of pollutants by large populations in a relatively small area
- results from the reaction of water and iron sulfide minerals exposed in mines and mine tailings
- O2 + FeS2 (pyrite) + H2O�� H2SO4 (sulphuric acid) + Fe rust
- produces Acid Drainage and flows into streams
- resulting acidity of ground water then allows it to leach metals from minerals in the rock, some of which are hazardous
- typically where mine drainage flows out, iron reacts with air to produce rust and gives the water an orange or brown colour
- process can occur wherever sulfide minerals are exposed, even in outcrops or where sulfide rock and sediments are used as fill
- long-lived problem that can continue for decades after mining ceases
- Mitigating Acid Drainage
- cover reactive rock with impermeable clay to prevent water from
reaching it
- drain seepage from site into ponds where lime or crushed limestone is
added to neutralize the acid befor water is released into the
environment
- Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 was first law
to address this problem
Man-made hazardous Wastes
- liquid wastes are considered to be hazardous if they are:
a. ignitable - waste can catch fire (hydrocarbon based products)
b. corrosive - corrodes metals rapidly
c. reactive - unstable materials which could explode if ignited or mixed with water
d. toxic - harmful if absorbed (on the skin) or ingested
- law requires that hazardous wastes be tracked from production to disposal, but thousands of barrels of the materials are lost every year
- disposal must be at an EPA approved facility
- prior to 1970 Clean Air Act and 1972 Clean Air and Water Act, liquid wastes were burned, buried, poured into pits or discharged into waterways
-although much progress has been made there are legacies from the past from companies or entities which no longer exist.
Example: PBC in Hudson River
- PBC = polychlorinated biphenyls, highly toxic oils used in insulators in electrical power transformers
- for decades a GE subsidiary legally released PBCs into the Hudson River, where it collected in sediments behind the Fort Edward Dam
- in 1973, dam was removed and PBC in sediments began migration down stream and contaminated fish in the river making them unsafe to consume even today.
3. Radioactive Wastes (Liquids and Solids)
- When possible liquids reconverted into solid form for disposal because of reduced volume
- During the 1940-60s was sealed into steel barrels and encased in cement and dumped into ocean trenches because believed these are were devoid of life, had no currents and deep water did not mix with surface waters
- later discovered life was abundant, currents existed, deep waters slowly mix with surface waters with a turnover time of 500-100 years and that the containers were reacting with the water, crushed by the pressure and leaking radioactive material
- rate of turnover is much shorter than the live of the radioactive materials
- deep ocean water is undersaturated in CO2 and so cement dissolves
Two classes of material:
1. Low level wastes - about 90% of all wastes generated
- includes contaminated medical supplies, materials used to clean spills, exposed clothing
- generally requires no special disposal because radioactivity is short lived
- can be disposed in landfill
2. High Level Radioactivity - includes spent fuel rods from reactors, atomic weapon parts, parts of
nuclear reactors
- remains reactive and hazardous for millennia
- no permanent storage facilities exist in U.S. and is temporarily stored as liquids, granular solids or solid blocks (fused into glass)
Problem of nuclear storage include:
1. long-term stability of a storage site (10,000s years or longer)
2. unforeseeable leakage conduits (faults, fractures, rock porosity)
3. effect of heat generated by wastes on the repository over time
4. locating a community willing to accept the facility
Environmental Problem of Heavy Metals, Toxic Chemicals, Radioactive Compounds and
Biological Agents
- can cause damage to cells in the body and if material is in sufficient quantity will lead to death
- an organism’s response to various pollutants differs with exposure
- in large enough concentrations, exposure is immediately fatal by destroying so many cells or interfering in so many vital functions that the organism dies immediately
- in lower quantities kills or cause damage to cells of certain organs which eventually causes death (Example: destruction of liver or bone marrow)
- in smaller quantities will cause sufficient damage to certain systems in the body which render the individual incapable of fending off disease (immune system)
- death is caused by opportunistic disease not the exposure itself
- in still smaller quantities can lead to the formation of tumors and cancers which over a long period of time will result in death by disrupting the normal body functions
- can lead to sterility or lethal mutation in offspring
- can lead to malfunction of non-vital life functions (Example: egg shell formation, loss of hair ) no apparent ill-effects
- material is stored in the body tissue , mainly fatty tissue, because the exposure is at a more rapid rate than the organism can dispose of
- exposure is so small that the material is disposed of in wastes, hair, nail growth
Exposure Dosage
Short term - amount of contaminant that an individual is exposed to over a brief period of time
- generally must be a relatively large dosage to do serious damage in the short term
- This is why when testing new substances one of the tests is to give high doses to test animals
Long Term - amount of contaminant that an individual is exposed to over a
prolonged period of time
- even low dosages over the long term can be detrimental through cumulative damage
Example: UV rays, smoking, alcohol over decades can lead to cancer
- Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
- Bioaccumulation - The gradual increase of a material within an organism’s body
- occurs when exposure and/or intake of the material exceeds body’s ability to dispose of material
- disposes of it in its wastes, inorganic structures and commonly in fatty tissue
Example: test for arsenic is usually done on the hair because body disposes of arsenic in the hair
- if know rate of hair growth, can tell approximate date when excess exposure began
- materials that accumulate are usually those for which the body has no use and to which it is not routinely exposed so has evolved no methods for dealing with the material
Example: arsenic, selenium, PBC
- gradual accumulation can begin to produce symptoms of acute, high dosage exposure, especially if tissue stored in is metabolized
Second Greatest Environmental Hazard
Human Population
- rapid increase in human population is straining Earth’s ability to provide food, water, shelter and clothing
- population now over 6 billion
- on average per year, each person uses:
500 kg of steel x 6 billion = 3 trillion kg of steel
25 kg of aluminum x 6 billion = 150 billion kg of aluminum
200 kg of salt x 6 billion = 1.2 trillion kg of salt
- consumption not evenly divided world wide, but is much greater in the developed world and lower in the underdeveloped world
- as standard of living increases in the developing world, average consumption increases drastically
- as population continues to expand and standard of living increases for more people, eventually there will not be sufficient resources to meet the needs and pollution generated in processing resources will poison the environment
Population and Pollution
- man has been polluting the environment since he evolved
- in early times populations were small, widely dispersed, mainly used renewable resources and each person generated only a small amount of pollution which could be dispersed by nature and recycled
- with development of cities, pollution increased greatly and waste disposal became a problem
- greater concentration of harmful wastes meant that natural processes could no longer disperse them effectively
- lead to an increase in disease from pathogens and toxins
- Urban Concentration Factor - multiplication of small amounts of pollutants by large populations in a relatively small area
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
(ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000)
(ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000)
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND
INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled:
PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND
INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING
PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in
Congress assembled:
CHAPTER I
BASIC POLICIES
BASIC POLICIES
Article 1
General Provisions
General Provisions
Section 1. Short Title. -- This Act shall be known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000”.
Section 2. Declaration of Policies. -- It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:
(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;
(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery;
(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles;
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration;
(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.
(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;
(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;
(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments;
(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.
Section 2. Declaration of Policies. -- It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:
(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;
(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resources conservation and recovery;
(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles;
(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration;
(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.
(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;
(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;
(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments;
(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and
(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.
Article 2
Definitions of Terms
Definitions of Terms
Section 3. Definition of Terms. – For the purpose of this Act:
(a) Agricultural waste shall refer to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields;
(b) Bulky wastes shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items;
(c) Bureau shall refer to the Environmental Management Bureau;
(d) Buy-back center shall refer to a recycling center that purchases or otherwise accepts recyclable materials from the public for the purpose of recycling such materials;
(e) Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage point;
(f) Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product;
(g) Consumer electronics shall refer to special wastes that include worn-out, broken, and other discarded items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets;
(h) Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation;
(i) Department shall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
(j) Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in any land;
(k) Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited;
(l) Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment;
(m) Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, biodegradable or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the environment;
(n) Generation shall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste;
(o) Generator shall refer to a person, natural or juridical, who last uses a material and makes it available for disposal or recycling;
(p) Hazardous waste shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may:
(1) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or
(2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed;
(q) Leachate shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is a contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials;
(r) Materials recovery facility – includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility;
(s) Municipal waste shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street litters;
(t) Open dump shall refer to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards;
(u) Opportunity to recycle shall refer to the act of providing a place for collecting source-separated recyclable material, located either at a disposal site or at another location more convenient to the population being served, and collection at least once a month of source-separated recyclable material from collection service customers and to providing a public education and promotion program that gives notice to each person of the opportunity to recycle and encourage source separation of recyclable material;
(v) Person(s) shall refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and obligations, or of being the subject of legal relations;
(w) Post-consumer material shall refer only to those materials or products generated by a business or consumer which have served their intended end use, and which have been separated or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacturing of recycled product, excluding materials and by-products generated from, and commonly used within an original manufacturing process, such as mill scrap;
(x) Receptacles shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation and the collection of recyclable materials;
(y) Recovered material shall refer to material and by-products that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled product;
(z) Recyclable material shall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited to, newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans and other materials as may be determined by the Commission;
(aa) Recycled material shall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled and returned to the economy;
(bb) Recycling shall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services: Provided, That the collection, segregation and re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling under this Act;
(cc) Resource conservation shall refer to the reduction of the amount of solid waste that are generated or the reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of recovered resources;
(dd) Resource recovery shall refer to the collection, extraction or recovery of recyclable materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling, generating energy or producing a product suitable for beneficial use: Provided, That, such resource recovery facilities exclude incineration;
(ee) Re-use shall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics;
(ff) Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility;
(gg) Schedule of Compliance shall refer to an enforceable sequence of actions or operations to be accomplished within a stipulated time frame leading to compliance with a limitation, prohibition, or standard set forth in this Act or any rule or regulation issued pursuant thereto;
(hh) Secretary shall refer to the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
(ii) Segregation shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and reuse of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal;
(jj) Segregation at source shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal;
(kk) Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the term “solid waste” as used in this
Act shall not include:
(1) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semisolid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious or incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms;
(2) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room pathologic
specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms; and
(3) waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris.
(ll) Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes;
(mm) Solid waste management facility shall refer to any resource recovery system or component thereof; any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid waste;
(nn) Source reduction shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions;
(oo) Source separation shall refer to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its component parts at the point of generation;
(pp) Special wastes shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes;
(qq) Storage shall refer to the interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal;
(rr) Transfer stations shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes, temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to larger vehicles for transport. This term does not include any of the following:
(1) a facility whose principal function is to receive, store, separate, convert, or otherwise process in accordance with national minimum standards, manure;
(2) a facility, whose principal function is to receive, store, convert, or otherwise process wastes which have already been separated for re-use and are not intended for disposal; and
(3) the operations premises of a duly licensed solid waste handling operator who receives, stores, transfers, or otherwise processes wastes as an activity incidental to the conduct of a refuse collection and disposal business.
(ss) Waste diversion shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid wastes from waste disposal facilities;
(tt) White goods shall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwaters, and clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.); and
(uu) Yard waste shall refer to wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the Commission.
(a) Agricultural waste shall refer to waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials from farms or fields;
(b) Bulky wastes shall refer to waste materials which cannot be appropriately placed in separate containers because of either its bulky size, shape or other physical attributes. These include large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items;
(c) Bureau shall refer to the Environmental Management Bureau;
(d) Buy-back center shall refer to a recycling center that purchases or otherwise accepts recyclable materials from the public for the purpose of recycling such materials;
(e) Collection shall refer to the act of removing solid waste from the source or from a communal storage point;
(f) Composting shall refer to the controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product;
(g) Consumer electronics shall refer to special wastes that include worn-out, broken, and other discarded items such as radios, stereos, and TV sets;
(h) Controlled dump shall refer to a disposal site at which solid waste is deposited in accordance with the minimum prescribed standards of site operation;
(i) Department shall refer to the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
(j) Disposal shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or placing of any solid waste into or in any land;
(k) Disposal site shall refer to a site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited;
(l) Ecological solid waste management shall refer to the systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment;
(m) Environmentally acceptable shall refer to the quality of being re-usable, biodegradable or compostable, recyclable and not toxic or hazardous to the environment;
(n) Generation shall refer to the act or process of producing solid waste;
(o) Generator shall refer to a person, natural or juridical, who last uses a material and makes it available for disposal or recycling;
(p) Hazardous waste shall refer to solid waste or combination of solid waste which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may:
(1) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or
(2) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed;
(q) Leachate shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition. It is a contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials;
(r) Materials recovery facility – includes a solid waste transfer station or sorting station, drop-off center, a composting facility, and a recycling facility;
(s) Municipal waste shall refer to wastes produced from activities within local government units which include a combination of domestic, commercial, institutional and industrial wastes and street litters;
(t) Open dump shall refer to a disposal area wherein the solid wastes are indiscriminately thrown or disposed of without due planning and consideration for environmental and health standards;
(u) Opportunity to recycle shall refer to the act of providing a place for collecting source-separated recyclable material, located either at a disposal site or at another location more convenient to the population being served, and collection at least once a month of source-separated recyclable material from collection service customers and to providing a public education and promotion program that gives notice to each person of the opportunity to recycle and encourage source separation of recyclable material;
(v) Person(s) shall refer to any being, natural or juridical, susceptible of rights and obligations, or of being the subject of legal relations;
(w) Post-consumer material shall refer only to those materials or products generated by a business or consumer which have served their intended end use, and which have been separated or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacturing of recycled product, excluding materials and by-products generated from, and commonly used within an original manufacturing process, such as mill scrap;
(x) Receptacles shall refer to individual containers used for the source separation and the collection of recyclable materials;
(y) Recovered material shall refer to material and by-products that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste for the purpose of being collected, processed and used as a raw material in the manufacture of a recycled product;
(z) Recyclable material shall refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use or for other purposes, including, but not limited to, newspaper, ferrous scrap metal, non-ferrous scrap metal, used oil, corrugated cardboard, aluminum, glass, office paper, tin cans and other materials as may be determined by the Commission;
(aa) Recycled material shall refer to post-consumer material that has been recycled and returned to the economy;
(bb) Recycling shall refer to the treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the production of other goods or services: Provided, That the collection, segregation and re-use of previously used packaging material shall be deemed recycling under this Act;
(cc) Resource conservation shall refer to the reduction of the amount of solid waste that are generated or the reduction of overall resource consumption, and utilization of recovered resources;
(dd) Resource recovery shall refer to the collection, extraction or recovery of recyclable materials from the waste stream for the purpose of recycling, generating energy or producing a product suitable for beneficial use: Provided, That, such resource recovery facilities exclude incineration;
(ee) Re-use shall refer to the process of recovering materials intended for the same or different purpose without the alteration of physical and chemical characteristics;
(ff) Sanitary landfill shall refer to a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility;
(gg) Schedule of Compliance shall refer to an enforceable sequence of actions or operations to be accomplished within a stipulated time frame leading to compliance with a limitation, prohibition, or standard set forth in this Act or any rule or regulation issued pursuant thereto;
(hh) Secretary shall refer to the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources;
(ii) Segregation shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and reuse of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal;
(jj) Segregation at source shall refer to a solid waste management practice of separating, at the point of origin, different materials found in solid waste in order to promote recycling and re-use of resources and to reduce the volume of waste for collection and disposal;
(kk) Solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste. Unless specifically noted otherwise, the term “solid waste” as used in this
Act shall not include:
(1) waste identified or listed as hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semisolid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious or incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms;
(2) infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room pathologic
specimens and disposable fomites attendant thereto, and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms; and
(3) waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris.
(ll) Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes;
(mm) Solid waste management facility shall refer to any resource recovery system or component thereof; any system, program, or facility for resource conservation; any facility for the collection, source separation, storage, transportation, transfer, processing, treatment, or disposal of solid waste;
(nn) Source reduction shall refer to the reduction of solid waste before it enters the solid waste stream by methods such as product design, materials substitution, materials re-use and packaging restrictions;
(oo) Source separation shall refer to the sorting of solid waste into some or all of its component parts at the point of generation;
(pp) Special wastes shall refer to household hazardous wastes such as paints, thinners, household batteries, lead-acid batteries, spray canisters and the like. These include wastes from residential and commercial sources that comprise of bulky wastes, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes;
(qq) Storage shall refer to the interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal;
(rr) Transfer stations shall refer to those facilities utilized to receive solid wastes, temporarily store, separate, convert, or otherwise process the materials in the solid wastes, or to transfer the solid wastes directly from smaller to larger vehicles for transport. This term does not include any of the following:
(1) a facility whose principal function is to receive, store, separate, convert, or otherwise process in accordance with national minimum standards, manure;
(2) a facility, whose principal function is to receive, store, convert, or otherwise process wastes which have already been separated for re-use and are not intended for disposal; and
(3) the operations premises of a duly licensed solid waste handling operator who receives, stores, transfers, or otherwise processes wastes as an activity incidental to the conduct of a refuse collection and disposal business.
(ss) Waste diversion shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the amount of solid wastes from waste disposal facilities;
(tt) White goods shall refer to large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwaters, and clothes washers and dryers collected separately. White goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.); and
(uu) Yard waste shall refer to wood, small or chipped branches, leaves, grass clippings, garden debris, vegetables residue that is recognizable as part of a plant or vegetable and other materials identified by the Commission.
Cooper’s Environmental is able to dispose of Waste oil collection, Waste oil disposal,
ReplyDeleteHazardous waste disposal, transformer disposal, and others.